Byzance (en grec ancien Βυζάντιον / Buzántion, en latin Byzantium) est une ancienne cité grecque, capitale de la Thrace, située à l'entrée du Bosphore sous une partie de l'actuelle Istanbul.La cité a été reconstruite par Constantin I er et, renommée Constantinople en 330 apr. Although Constantinople was retaken by Michael VIII Palaiologos, the Empire had lost many of its key economic resources, and struggled to survive. Princes of Kyiv, Venetian doges, abbots of Monte Cassino, merchants of Amalfi, and the kings of Sicily all looked to Byzantium for artists or works of art. J B Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, p. 75. Washington Post. Constantin a pu attirer toute l’attention du peuple de l’Asie mineur, de la mer noire, des Balkans, de la mer Égée. Despite his illiteracy, he followed Justinian by undertaking renovations and attempting further codification of laws, and successfully pushed the empire’s borders south. In the Ottoman period Islamic architecture and symbolism were used. Shortly after ascending to the Ottoman throne in 1451, Mehmed II began formulating plans for a major assault on Constantinople. Constantinople is one of the territories featured in the, Constantinople appears as the capital of the Byzantine civilization in several installments of the video game series ". The Theodosian Walls kept the city impregnable from the land, while a newly discovered incendiary substance known as Greek Fire allowed the Byzantine navy to destroy the Arab fleets and keep the city supplied. Après la prise de la ville par les Turcs en 1453, la cité devient la capitale de l'empire ottoman et la résidence officielle du calife musulman. Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey and is among the 15 largest urban areas in the world. [7] The city became famous for its architectural masterpieces, such as Hagia Sophia, the cathedral of the Eastern Orthodox Church, which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the sacred Imperial Palace where the Emperors lived, the Galata Tower, the Hippodrome, the Golden Gate of the Land Walls, and opulent aristocratic palaces. of those involved). Constantinople fera une apparition lors du concert d'ouverture du 전주세계소리축제 (Jeonju International Sorifestival), version numérique ! He was called Saviour of Europe. Vieilles. The Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was now under Ottoman control. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded Byzantium(Βυζάντιον) in around 657 BC,[19] across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire 1453-1924. All Rights Reserved. In East and South Slavic languages, including in medieval Russia, Constantinople has been referred to as Tsargrad (Царьград) or Carigrad, 'City of the Caesar (Emperor)', from the Slavonic words tsar ('Caesar' or 'King') and grad ('city'). Syria is home to one of the oldest civilizations in the world, with a rich artistic and cultural heritage. Rome was too far from the frontiers, and hence from the armies and the imperial courts, and it offered an undesirable playground for disaffected politicians. In Constantinople, the hippodrome became over time increasingly a place of political significance. The emperor stimulated private building by promising householders gifts of land from the imperial estates in Asiana and Pontica and on 18 May 332 he announced that, as in Rome, free distributions of food would be made to the citizens. In 1204, however, the armies of the Fourth Crusade took and devastated the city, and its inhabitants lived several decades under Latin rule. Similarly, Basil I (who ruled from 867 to 886 A.D.) launched what became the two-century-long Macedonian dynasty. Constantinople stood as the seat of the Byzantine Empire for the next 1,100 years, enduring periods of great fortune and horrific sieges, until being overrun by Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire in 1453. Beautiful silks from the workshops of Constantinople also portrayed in dazzling colour animals – lions, elephants, eagles, and griffins – confronting each other, or represented Emperors gorgeously arrayed on horseback or engaged in the chase. The Emperor Romanus Diogenes was captured. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for. Hesychius also gives alternate versions of the city's founding legend, which he attributed to old poets and writers:[27], It is said that the first Argives, after having received this prophecy from Pythia, "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." Built on the site of former imperial churches by Justinian I, it was completed in less than six years by a workforce of 10,000 laborers. It is said that, in 1038, they were dispersed in winter quarters in the Thracesian Theme when one of their number attempted to violate a countrywoman, but in the struggle she seized his sword and killed him; instead of taking revenge, however, his comrades applauded her conduct, compensated her with all his possessions, and exposed his body without burial as if he had committed suicide. In 330 A.D., Constantine established the city that would make its mark in the ancient world as Constantinople, but also would become known by other names, including the Queen of Cities, Istinpolin, Stamboul and Istanbul. Bronze and lead were removed from the roofs of abandoned buildings and melted down and sold to provide money to the chronically under-funded Empire for defense and to support the court; Deno John Geanokoplos writes that "it may well be that a division is suggested here: Latin laymen stripped secular buildings, ecclesiastics, the churches. [82] He ordered that an imam meet him there in order to chant the adhan thus transforming the Orthodox cathedral into a Muslim mosque,[82][83] solidifying Islamic rule in Constantinople. "Twenty Years in the Ottoman capital: the memoirs of Dr. Hristo Tanev Stambolski of Kazanlik (1843-1932) from an Ottoman point of view." Because the Republic of Turkey declared it the official name in 1923 and the Turkish Postal Telegraph and Telephone Office began sending back all mail addressed to the city by any other name from 1930. [51], In 980, the emperor Basil II received an unusual gift from Prince Vladimir of Kyiv: 6,000 Varangian warriors, which Basil formed into a new bodyguard known as the Varangian Guard. In 1909, in Constantinople there were 626 primary schools and 12 secondary schools. [41], Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed the Theodosian basilica of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), the city's cathedral, which lay to the north of the Augustaeum and had itself replaced the Constantinian basilica founded by Constantius II to replace the first Byzantine cathedral, Hagia Irene (Holy Peace). [26] Apart from this, little is known about this initial settlement. Yet it had been the capital of the state for over a thousand years, and it might have seemed unthinkable to suggest that the capital be moved to a different location. Hesychius of Miletus wrote that some "claim that people from Megara, who derived their descent from Nisos, sailed to this place under their leader Byzas, and invent the fable that his name was attached to the city." By 1080, a huge area had been lost to the Empire, and the Turks were within striking distance of Constantinople. Although it did have senators, they held the title clarus, not clarissimus, like those of Rome. Nuns were ravished in their convents. Hispano-Moorish art was unquestionably derived from the Byzantine. Then it passed through the oval Forum of Constantine where there was a second Senate-house and a high column with a statue of Constantine himself in the guise of Helios, crowned with a halo of seven rays and looking toward the rising sun. Along with developing a series of public works, Suleyman transformed the judicial system, championed the arts and continued to expand the empire. Thanks to the pristine natural harbor created by the Golden Horn, Byzantium (or Byzantion) grew into a thriving port city. [54], The Book of the Eparch, which dates to the 10th century, gives a detailed picture of the city's commercial life and its organization at that time. The Byzantine Empire used Roman and Greek architectural models and styles to create its own unique type of architecture. Byzantium took on the name of Kōnstantinoupolis ("city of Constantine", Constantinople) after its refoundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium in 330 and designated his new capital officially as Nova Roma (Νέα Ῥώμη) 'New Rome'. [11] However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmed allowed the deported Greeks to come back to the city. Less is known of Constantine’s Imperial Palace, which also figured prominently in the heart of the city, but it featured an elaborate display of mosaics, as well as a grand entrance known as the Chalke Gate. Blessed are those who will inhabit that holy city, Romanesque art owes much to the East, from which it borrowed not only its decorative forms but the plan of some of its buildings, as is proved, for instance, by the domed churches of south-western France. "Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year Ended June 30, 1912." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 229–249. In artistic terms, the 12th century was a very productive period. where fish and stag graze on the same pasture, "[71], The Nicaean emperor John III Vatatzes reportedly saved several churches from being dismantled for their valuable building materials; by sending money to the Latins "to buy them off" (exonesamenos), he prevented the destruction of several churches. Fall of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453), conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire.The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople’s ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days. The city was built intentionally to rival Rome, and it was claimed that several elevations within its walls matched the 'seven hills' of Rome. While Constantine’s founding of New Rome coincided with efforts to establish Christianity as the state religion, that didn’t formally happen until after Theodosius I ascended to power in 379. For the town of that name in ancient Osrhoene, see, Map of Constantinople, corresponding to the modern-day, 324–337: The refoundation as Constantinople, 337–529: Constantinople during the Barbarian Invasions and the fall of the West, 527–565: Constantinople in the Age of Justinian, Survival, 565–717: Constantinople during the Byzantine Dark Ages, 717–1025: Constantinople during the Macedonian Renaissance, 1081–1185: Constantinople under the Comneni, 1185–1261: Constantinople during the Imperial Exile, 1261–1453: Palaiologan Era and the Fall of Constantinople. La ciutat es va inaugurar amb uns jocs a l'hipòdrom i una sèrie de ritus que van durar quaranta dies; l'11 de maig del 330 és considerat el dia oficial de la fundació de la ciutat. ", Constantinople under Justinian is the scene of the book, "Constantinople" is the title of a song by, Constantinople makes an appearance in the MMORPG game, Constantinople makes an appearance in the ", Constantinople also makes an appearance in ", Constantinople makes an appearance in the game ", Constantinople is the main setting of the game ". Constantinople is an ancient city in modern-day Turkey that’s now known as Istanbul. The Rite of Constantinople Sacre de Constantinople Catholic Information Information catholique (Also BYZANTINE RITE.) The University of Constantinople was founded in the fifth century and contained artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453,[8] including its vast Imperial Library which contained the remnants of the Library of Alexandria and had 100,000 volumes. When the city fell to the Turks in 1453, the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of Mehmet II the Conqueror. They remained in their palace in the Great City and sent generals to command their armies. He found the military situation so dire that he is said to have contemplated withdrawing the imperial capital to Carthage, but relented after the people of Constantinople begged him to stay. 46. Yule (1915), 46–48; see also footnote No. Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences. [49], Theodora, widow of the Emperor Theophilus (died 842), acted as regent during the minority of her son Michael III, who was said to have been introduced to dissolute habits by her brother Bardas. Having restored the unity of the Empire, and, being in the course of major governmental reforms as well as of sponsoring the consolidation of the Christian church, he was well aware that Rome was an unsatisfactory capital. Theodosius I founded the Church of John the Baptist to house the skull of the saint (today preserved at the Topkapı Palace), put up a memorial pillar to himself in the Forum of Taurus, and turned the ruined temple of Aphrodite into a coach house for the Praetorian Prefect; Arcadius built a new forum named after himself on the Mese, near the walls of Constantine. Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences. The Simpson Center for the Humanities at the University of Washington, The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. It is located on the Bosporus Strait and covers the entire area of the Golden Horn, a natural harbor. She became a nun as XENE. Malgré la croyance populaire, la ville conservera le nom de Constantinople (et non Istanbul!) p. 24, line 387, Talbot, "Restoration of Constantinople", p. 247, Talbot, "Restoration of Constantinople", p. 248, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (, Lewis, Bernard. In: Strauss, Johann. In the language of other peoples, Constantinople was referred to just as reverently. Tension between the citizens and the Latin soldiers increased. La rivière suit son cours dans les fissures d'un rocher, tandis que. The Senate met in Hagia Sophia and offered the crown to Theodore Lascaris, who had married into the Angelid family, but it was too late. The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne formally established the Republic of Turkey, which moved its capital to Ankara. In: Herzog, Christoph and Richard Wittmann (editors). Of the primary schools 561 were of the lower grade and 65 were of the higher grade; of the latter, 34 were public and 31 were private. Petra is located about 150 miles south ...read more, The Balfour Declaration was a letter written by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lionel Walter Rothschild, in which he expressed the British government’s support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. After 45,000 captives were marched from the city, building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest, which included the repair of the walls, construction of the citadel, and building a new palace. The Byzantine nobility scattered, many going to Nicaea, where Theodore Lascaris set up an imperial court, or to Epirus, where Theodore Angelus did the same; others fled to Trebizond, where one of the Comneni had already with Georgian support established an independent seat of empire. [10] This formidable complex of defences was one of the most sophisticated of Antiquity. Constantinople endured for more than 1,100 years as the Byzantine capital in large part due to the protective wall completed under Theodosius II in 413. Rosenberg, Matt. The emperor also sought to populate the city through offering residents free food rations. The palace of Blachernae in the north-west of the city became the main Imperial residence, with the old Great Palace on the shores of the Bosporus going into decline. Byzantium was never a major influential city-state like that of Athens, Corinth or Sparta, but the city enjoyed relative peace and steady growth as a prosperous trading city lent by its remarkable position. [84] From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city: these people were called "Sürgün" in Turkish (Greek: σουργούνιδες).
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