On 5 July 2013, Spain sent a letter to the UN expressing these views.[149][150]. [citation needed], The Plateresque style extended from beginnings of the 16th century until the last third of the century and its stylistic influence pervaded the works of all great Spanish artists of the time. Spain (Spanish: España, [esˈpaɲa] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain[11] (Spanish: Reino de España),[a][b] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean. The group that has become known as the Generation of 1898 was marked by the destruction of Spain's fleet in Cuba by US gunboats in 1898, which provoked a cultural crisis in Spain. Its 60 rooms expones 15,000 objects, of the approximate 40,000 which it has. The Napoleonic War left Spain economically ruined, deeply divided and politically unstable. The distribution of powers may be different for every community, as laid out in their Statutes of Autonomy, since devolution was intended to be asymmetrical. [citation needed], The Enlightenment in Spain arrived later and was less strong than in other European countries, but during the XIX century liberal ideas arrived in Spanish society. In the 19th and 20th centuries, science in Spain was held back by severe political instability and consequent economic underdevelopment. Si en 1950 sólo llegaron a nuestro país 784.000 turistas, lo que le situaba en octava posición mundial, en 2006 fueron 58,5 millones los turistas recibidos, de ellos casi tres cuartas partes por vía Meat production for domestic consumption became the single most important agricultural activity, accounting for 30% of all farm-related production in 1983. Isabelline forces prevailed, but the conflict between progressives and moderates ended in a weak early constitutional period. The Museum's mission is to acquire, preserve, investigate, report and display for study, education and contemplation, parts, sets and collections of historical, artistic, scientific and technical related to naval activity in order to disseminate the story sea of Spain; to help illustrate, highlight and preserve their traditions and promote national maritime awareness. During the Romantic period, José Zorrilla created one of the most emblematic figures in European literature in Don Juan Tenorio. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Es, además, el octavo país del mundo con mayor presencia de multinacionales . After a period of dictatorship during the governments of Generals Miguel Primo de Rivera and Dámaso Berenguer and Admiral Aznar-Cabañas (1923–1931), the first elections since 1923, largely understood as a plebiscite on Monarchy, took place: the 12 April 1931 municipal elections. In the Middle Ages Ramon Llull flourished in Spain. As Renaissance New Monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand centralised royal power at the expense of local nobility, and the word España, whose root is the ancient name Hispania, began to be commonly used to designate the whole of the two kingdoms. Crop areas were farmed in two highly diverse manners. Joseph Bonaparte was seen as a puppet monarch and was regarded with scorn by the Spanish. [27][failed verification] The best known artefacts of these prehistoric human settlements are the famous paintings in the Altamira cave of Cantabria in northern Iberia, which were created from 35,600 to 13,500 BCE by Cro-Magnon. The conventional explosives in two of the Mk28-type hydrogen bombs detonated upon impact with the ground, dispersing plutonium over nearby farms. The king Alfonso X of Castile focused on strengthening this Roman and Gothic past, and also on linking the Iberian Christian kingdoms with the rest of medieval European Christendom. Certainly the most famous masterpiece in the museum is Picasso's painting Guernica. [citation needed], During the Golden Age painters working in Spain included El Greco, José de Ribera, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo and Francisco Zurbarán. Only two communities—the Basque Country and Navarre—have full fiscal autonomy. The vegetation of Spain is varied due to several factors including the diversity of the relief, the climate and latitude. [36] The arrival from North Africa of the Islamic ruling sects of the Almoravids and the Almohads restored unity upon the Muslim holdings, with a stricter, less tolerant application of Islam, and saw a revival in Muslim fortunes. The Spanish–American War was fought in the spring of 1898 and resulted in Spain losing the last of its once vast colonial empire outside of North Africa. Other first-class destinations are Seville, Granada, Santander, Oviedo, Gijón, Bilbao and San Sebastián. Este enorme peso ha tenido grandes consecuencias geográficas y sociales. El turismo le reportó a España 52.525 millones de dolares durante el año 2010, lo que la situó en segunda posición en ingresos económicos, por detrás de Estados Unidos, que ingresó 103.500 m… [citation needed], Contemporary philosophers include Fernando Savater and Adela Cortina, creator of the term aporophobia. Real Madrid C.F. It is also the terminus of the Way of Saint James. [121] After a national referendum on 6 December 1978, 88% of voters approved of the new constitution - a culmination of the Spanish transition to democracy. Most Spaniards do not participate regularly in religious services. Isidore created the first western encyclopedia which had a huge impact during the Middle Ages.[32]. [30], The Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando currently functions as a museum and gallery that houses a fine art collection of paintings from the 15th to 20th centuries: Giovanni Bellini, Correggio, Rubens, Zurbarán, Murillo, Goya, Juan Gris, Pablo Serrano. Various regional styles of folk music abound in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Castile, the Basque Country, Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias. [104] As prime minister, he continued to implement austerity measures required by the EU Stability and Growth Pact. El texto está disponible bajo la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución Compartir Igual 3.0; pueden aplicarse cláusulas adicionales.Al usar este sitio, usted acepta nuestros términos de uso y nuestra política de privacidad. Saramago was also well known by his Iberist ideas. As of 1 January 2020, the Spanish population increased in 392,921 in 2019, reaching a number of 47,330 million inhabitants. In the spirit of general "Realism", Realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of romanticised or stylised presentations. The expansion of the empire caused immense upheaval in the Americas as the collapse of societies and empires and new diseases from Europe devastated American indigenous populations. 1ª parte: entorno físico y medio ambiente", "Population Figures at 01 January 2019. a supreme court, under the supreme court of Spain, which heads the judiciary in the autonomous community. In fact, Spain was Europe's largest absorber of migrants from 2002 to 2007, with its immigrant population more than doubling as 2.5 million people arrived. [citation needed], The arrival of Modernism in the academic arena produced much of the architecture of the 20th century. The country's national football team won the UEFA European Football Championship in 1964, 2008 and 2012 and the FIFA World Cup in 2010, and is the first team ever to win three back-to-back major international tournaments. The situation led to a civil war, in which the territory was divided into two zones: one under the authority of the Republican government, that counted on outside support from the Soviet Union and Mexico (and from International Brigades), and the other controlled by the putschists (the Nationalist or rebel faction), most critically supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The collection currently comprises around 7,600 paintings, 1,000 sculptures, 4,800 prints and 8,200 drawings, in addition to a large number of works of art and historic documents. 1478 commenced the completion of the conquest of the Canary Islands and in 1492, the combined forces of Castile and Aragon captured the Emirate of Granada from its last ruler Muhammad XII, ending the last remnant of a 781-year presence of Islamic rule in Iberia. This re-united Islamic state experienced more than a century of successes that partially reversed Christian gains. The green is in reflection of the neighbouring Royal Botanical Gardens. During the early Middle Ages it came under Visigothic rule, and then much of it was conquered by Muslim invaders from North Africa. [19] It may be a derivation of the Phoenician I-Shpania, meaning "island of rabbits", "land of rabbits" or "edge", a reference to Spain's location at the end of the Mediterranean; Roman coins struck in the region from the reign of Hadrian show a female figure with a rabbit at her feet,[20] and Strabo called it the "land of the rabbits". [25][28] Archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that the Iberian Peninsula acted as one of several major refugia from which northern Europe was repopulated following the end of the last ice age. The legal situation concerning Gibraltar was settled in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht, in which Spain ceded the territory in perpetuity to the British Crown[142] stating that, should the British abandon this post, it would be offered to Spain first. [86] The Tragic Week events and repression examples the social instability of the time. [30] Most of Spain's present languages and religion, and the basis of its laws, originate from this period.[29]. The war claimed the lives of over 500,000 people and caused the flight of up to a half-million citizens from the country. Spain includes different phytogeographic regions, each with its own floristic characteristics resulting largely from the interaction of climate, topography, soil type and fire, biotic factors. The other two museums are the Thyssen Bornemisza Museum, established from a mixed private collection, and the Reina Sofia Museum, where Pablo Picasso's Guernica hangs, returning to Spain from New York after more than two decades. Número de turistas. [citation needed], Joaquín Sorolla is a well-known modern impressionist painter and there are many important Spanish painters belonging to the modernism art movement, including Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí, Juan Gris and Joan Miró. Europe on Track", "Spain has developed Europe's largest high-speed rail network | Olive Press Newspaper", "La Moncloa. The Celts inhabited much of the inner and Atlantic sides of the peninsula, from the northwest to the southwest. Among the most singular ones stand out the Seville Fair (Feria de Abril in Spanish), the Romería de El Rocío in Almonte, Huelva, the world-famous Running of the Bulls in Pamplona, the Fallas in Valencia, the Tomatina in Buñol, Valencia and the Fiestas del Pilar in Zaragoza. Análisis del sector turismo durante el año 2017. Top 10 de los lugares de mayor interés turístico de España Así lo han decidido los internautas, que han elegido estas atracciones españolas entre los sitios mejor valorados del mundo. The weakening of the Western Roman Empire's jurisdiction in Hispania began in 409, when the Germanic Suebi and Vandals, together with the Sarmatian Alans entered the peninsula at the invitation of a Roman usurper. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. [197], In 2017, the average total fertility rate (TFR) across Spain was 1.33 children born per woman,[198] one of the lowest in the world, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 5.11 children born per woman in 1865. The Sierra Nevada Observatory is located on the northern slopes at an elevation of 2,800 metres (9,200 ft). [citation needed], In the first half of the 20th century among the most prominent philosophers were Maria Zambrano and José Ortega y Gasset. In 1469, the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. Spain has 47 World Heritage Sites. [citation needed]. Portugal does not recognise Spain's sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza which was annexed by Spain in 1801 after the War of the Oranges. By the year 1914—the year of the outbreak of the First World War and of the publication of the first major work of the generation's leading voice, José Ortega y Gasset—a number of slightly younger writers had established their own place within the Spanish cultural field. The Valencian chivalric romance Tirant lo Blanch written in Valencian is also remarkable. [33][34], Conversion to Islam proceeded at an increasing pace. These events foreshadowed the conflict between conservatives and liberals in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Spanish culture is marked by strong historic ties to Catholicism, which played a pivotal role in the country's formation and subsequent identity. The muladíes (Muslims of ethnic Iberian origin) are believed to have formed the majority of the population of Al-Andalus by the end of the 10th century. That year the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE) came to power, the first left-wing government in 43 years. [260], The recent waves of immigration have also led to an increasing number of Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Muslims. Bourbon reformers created formal disciplined militias across the Atlantic. Spain's national airline is Iberia, but the country can be flown into on many international passenger airlines and charter airlines. [36] Outside the cities, where the vast majority lived, the land ownership system from Roman times remained largely intact as Muslim leaders rarely dispossessed landowners and the introduction of new crops and techniques led to an expansion of agriculture introducing new produces which originally came from Asia or the former territories of the Roman Empire.[37]. [39], The Museo Nacional del Romanticismo (National Museum of Romanticism) contains a large collection of artefacts and art, focusing on daily life and customs of the 19th century, with special attention to the aesthetics about Romanticism. This changed in 1955, during the Cold War period, when it became strategically important for the US to establish a military presence on the Iberian Peninsula as a counter to any possible move by the Soviet Union into the Mediterranean basin.